Income, Job Security, and Workload as Determinants of Job Satisfaction among Outsourced Employees
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54099/jdemp.v2i1.570Keywords:
Income, Job Security, Workload, Job Satisfaction, Outsourced Employees, SEM-PLSAbstract
This study examines the effect of income, job security, and workload on job satisfaction among outsourced employees at PT. Kreasi Hexa Indonesia. Job satisfaction is an important factor influencing workforce stability and organizational performance, particularly in outsourcing employment systems. This research employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) with a higher-order construct approach through the two-stage method. The evaluation of the model included tests of convergent validity, discriminant validity, construct reliability, coefficient of determination (R²), effect size (f²), predictive relevance (Q²), and hypothesis testing using bootstrapping. The results show that income and job security have a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, while workload has a negative and significant effect. The findings indicate that fair compensation, employment stability, and balanced workload management play important roles in improving job satisfaction among outsourced employees. This study contributes to the literature by applying a higher-order construct model to analyze multidimensional variables and provides practical insights for improving human resource management practices in outsourcing organizations.
References
Adams, J. S. (1963). Toward an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(5), 422–436.
Ali Dogantekin, C., Secilmis, C., & Karatepe, O. M. (2022). Qualitative job insecurity, emotional exhaustion and their effects on hotel employees’ job embeddedness: The moderating role of perceived organizational support. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 102, 103164.
Alkharusi, H. (2022). Statistical analysis: An introduction using R. Springer.
Aman-Ullah, A., Aziz, A., Ibrahim, H., Mehmood, W., & Abbas, Y. A. (2022). The impact of job security, job satisfaction and job embeddedness on employee retention: An empirical investigation of Pakistan’s health-care industry. Journal of Management Development, 41(6), 365–381.
Andriani, D., & Setiawan, A. (2024). Pengaruh pendapatan dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja. Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis Indonesia, 10(1), 55–67.
Armstrong, M. (2021). Armstrong’s handbook of human resource management practice (15th ed.). Kogan Page.
Ardiansyah, M., & Nugraheni, R. (2019). Pengaruh kompensasi dan beban kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan outsourcing. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, 21(2), 123–134.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands–resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2020). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 25(3), 273–285.
Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., & Wesson, M. J. (2021). Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2020). Job insecurity and job satisfaction among temporary workers. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(6), 765–789.
De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity: Review of the international literature. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 31(4), 1–6.
Dewi, N., & Putra, R. (2023). Pengaruh kompensasi finansial dan non finansial terhadap kepuasan kerja. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 11(2), 210–222.
Firmansyah, R., & Utami, H. N. (2018). Pengaruh kompensasi dan job insecurity terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan outsourcing. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 61(2), 120–128.
Ghozali, I. (2021). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 26 (10th ed.). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Ghozali, I., & Latan, H. (2015). Partial least squares: Konsep, teknik dan aplikasi menggunakan program SmartPLS 3.0. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 438–448.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Hapsari, R., & Yuliana, S. (2024). Beban kerja dan kepuasan kerja pada karyawan kontrak. Jurnal Manajemen dan Organisasi, 15(1), 45–58.
Hasibuan, M. S. P. (2019). Manajemen sumber daya manusia. Bumi Aksara.
Herzberg, F. (1959). The motivation to work. John Wiley & Sons.
Hidayat, R., & Sari, D. P. (2020). Pengaruh job insecurity terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan alih daya. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 8(3), 745–756.
Chongbang, N., Rawal, D. S., & Iskamto, D. (2025). Green Enterprises as a Catalyst for Strengthening Community Capacity in Local Reconstruction Efforts in Western Nepal. ADPEBI International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.54099/aijbs.v5i2.1330
Fathimatuz, Z., Iskamto, D., & Trianasari, N. (2025). Analyzing eWOM Dimensions on TikTok and Its Impact on First-Time Voters in the 2024 Presidential Election: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis. International Journal of Digital Marketing Science, 2(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.54099/ijdms.v2i1.1076
Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., Podsakoff, N. P., Shaw, J. C., & Rich, B. L. (2010). The relationship between pay and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 157–167.
Kalleberg, A. L. (2022). Precarious employment and job satisfaction. Work and Occupations, 49(3), 289–315.
Kanu, G. C., Odinko, I. C., & Ujoatuonu, I. V. (2023). Pay satisfaction and work–life balance among Nigerian bank employees. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 33(4), 345–353.
Kurniawan, A., & Wahyuni, S. (2021). Pengaruh kompensasi dan kepastian kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja tenaga kerja outsourcing. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 17(1), 56–65.
Lestari, P. A., & Riyanto, S. (2021). Pengaruh beban kerja dan stres kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan alih daya. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 9(4), 1382–1393.
Locke, E. A. (1968). Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 3(2), 157–189.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705–717.
Mangkunegara, A. A. A. P. (2017). Manajemen sumber daya manusia perusahaan. PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
Nugroho, A., & Santoso, B. (2022). Pengaruh gaji dan jaminan kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan outsourcing. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, 24(2), 120–132.
Nuraini, L., & Fadli, M. (2025). Kepastian kerja, beban kerja dan kepuasan kerja karyawan outsourcing. Jurnal Manajemen Indonesia, 25(1), 33–47.
Pratama, Y., & Wibowo, A. (2022). Pengaruh job insecurity terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan kontrak. Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis Indonesia, 8(2), 200–212.
Rahmawati, T., & Hidayat, R. (2023). Pengaruh job security terhadap kepuasan kerja dan turnover intention. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 11(3), 412–425.
Ramadhan, F., & Laksmi, S. (2025). Pengaruh pendapatan dan beban kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja tenaga kerja outsourcing. Jurnal Manajemen dan Organisasi, 16(1), 89–101.
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2017). Organizational behavior (17th ed.). Pearson Education.
Schaufeli, W. B. (2021). Burnout and engagement: The JD–R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, 371–396.
Sihombing, R., & Marpaung, J. (2023). Pengaruh kompensasi dan beban kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi, 20(2), 150–163.
Sugiyono. (2017). Metode penelitian kombinasi (mix methods). Alfabeta.
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Sugiyono. (2021). Metode penelitian pendidikan: Pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Sugiyono. (2022). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. (2021). Job insecurity and employee attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(1), 5–26.
Wahyuni, E., & Prakoso, H. (2023). Pengaruh upah dan kepastian kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan kontrak. Jurnal Manajemen dan Organisasi, 14(2), 130–144.
Wibowo. (2019). Manajemen kinerja (5th ed.). Rajawali Pers.
Zayed, N. M., et al. (2022). The power of compensation system on employee satisfaction and employee motivation. Economies, 10(8), 195.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 IQBAL TRI HILMI
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
